Grammatical Errors Found in Articles' Abstracts of Indonesian Scholarly Journals

This study is aimed to know the grammatical errors found in the articles' abstracts of scholarly journals published by one of Indonesian Islamic State Colleges in 2008-2010. The theory used to analyze the data in this case study is Burt and Kiparsky's theory, namely Surface Strategy Taxonomy. This theory devides errors into errors of omission, errors of addition, errors of misformation and errors of misordering. This results of the study show that there are 172 items of grammatical errors. The most frequent type of grammatical error is omission with the total number is 72 items or 41.9%. The second is errors of misformation which consist of 57 items or 33.1%. The next is errors of addition (27 items or 15.7%) and finally is errors of misordering as the least number of errors with 16 items or 9.3%.


INTRODUCTION
Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. It is a systematic means of ideas or feeling by the use of conventionalized sign, sound, gestures or marks having understood meaning (Fromkin, et.al., 1999:3). Every social institution is maintained by language. Law, religion, government, education, the family all are carried on with language (Chaika, 1982:2). Therefore, language holds on the important aspect in our society. Without language, there will be misunderstanding on our life. People cannot live without a language.
English is an international language. It is the language that is used as a tool of world communication and it has been widely used in many aspects such as politics, economics, science, arts, education, etc. It plays a very important role that gives us an access to the global communication that supported by the advancement of science and technology.
The use of English is not only in speaking but also in writing. Many articles, journals, researches use English as a part of them. Journal is periodical publication intended to further the progress of science usually by reporting new research. Such articles in journals begin with an abstract. It is a brief summary of a research article, thesis, review and it is RIWHQ XVHG WR KHOS WKH UHDGHU TXLFNO\ DVFHUWDLQ WKH SDSHU·V SXUSRVH $Q abstract may act as a stand-alone entity instead of a full paper. Typical length of abstract ranges from 100 to 500 words, but rarely more that a page.
0RVW RI WKH MRXUQDO·V DEVWUDFWV DUH SUHVHQWHG WR WKH FRPELQDWLRQ RI two languages for example the Indonesian language combined with English or Arabic. Furthermore, one of the components of language that must be mastered is grammar. Not only an abstract but also many kinds of writing have to consider with grammatical structure because it is partly the study of what forms (or structure) are possible in a language. Grammar is a descriSWLRQ RI WKH UXOHV WKDW JRYHUQ KRZ D ODQJXDJH·V sentences are formed (Tornbury, 1999:1). It can be said that the JUDPPDWLFDO RUGHU GHWHUPLQHV WKH FRUUHFWLRQ RI VHQWHQFHV RQ WKH MRXUQDO·V abstracts. Without good grammar in writing, either the reader or the writer will get misunderstanding.
In Indonesian context, most of the universities also published some scientific articles into journalswhich are not only written in ,QGRQHVLDQ EXW DOVR LQ (QJOLVK 7KH DUWLFOHV· ZULWHUV LQ RQH MRXUQDO DUH usually from different universities from differnt gyroscopic background; Economic, Islamic Law, Psychology, etc. Generally, the journal organizers ask the writers to translate their research abstract into English whenever their articles are written in Indonesian and viceversa. This study examines the grammatical error of English translation of some research abstracts in three scientific journals published by one Islamic institution, i.d., one of State Colleges of Islamic Studies in East Java Indonesia. The institution has implemented foreign language role in writing RI MRXUQDO +HQFH WKH MRXUQDO·V ZULWLQJ KDV FHUWDLQ UXOHV WR EH SUHVHQWHG The English seems that mainly used in some abstracts of Journals. The different structure between Indonesian and English could make the MRXUQDO·V ZULWHUV PDNH VRPH JUDPPDWLFDO HUURUV %URZQ VWDWHG WKDW DQ error is noticeable grammar from the adult grammar of native speaker, reflecting the interlanguage competence of the learners (Haryanto, 2007:3).
After reading some research abstracts of the journals, the UHVHDUFKHU IRXQG VRPH JUDPPDWLFDO HUURUV PDGH E\ WKH MRXUQDO·V ZULWHUV Because of that, she thinks that this problem must be solved immediately. The researcher gives support to the publisher to make the journals better. Hence, the correction about grammatical errors should have much attention. Based on the consideration above, the researcher tries to analyze some grammatical errors found in the DUWLFOHV· abstracts of the journals.

RESEARCH METHOD Research Design
The research design of the study is case study. It is a form of qualitative research that is focused on providing a detailed account of one or more cases (Johnson & Christensen, 2000:46). In this research, the writer wants to focus on the grammatical errors found in abstract of the journals.

Data Source
The data source of this study is the English abstracts of the journals of one State College of Islamic Studies in Indonesia published from 2008-2010. There are 16 journals volumes and there are 32 abstracts of them. In this research, the writer takes the third period (2008-2010) of the journals by using stratified random sampling. These are 16 journals which were researched in this study. Actually, there are 18 journals but there are 32 journals which do not contain of English abstracts. They are Universum journal 2009 on first and second period. In 16 journals, there are 32 English abstracts. To take the sample in this research, the writer uses random sampling. She takes 2 English abstracts for each period in a year. From table 1, there are 32 English abstract from journals which were analyzed.

Data Analysis
The process of analyzing data is effort to organize data that is continued to be discussion of the data. The analysis steps of this study are described as follows: 1. Identifying the grammatical errors found in the DUWLFOHV· abstracts of the journals 2. Classifying the grammatical errors found in the DUWLFOHV· abstracts abstracts of the journals based on surface strategy taxonomy proposed by Dulay, et al. (1982:154-163) into omission, addition, misformation, and misordering 3. Calculating the grammatical errors using simple percentage: P = n1 x 100% N P = percentage of each error n1 = total of a given error ™1 = total of the whole errors 4. Making the table for the percentage of errors 5. Making conclusion

RESEARCH FINDINGS
In this point, the writer describes the result of grammatical errors found in the DUWLFOHV· abstracts of the journals. The result is described by counting the categories of errors in each journal and its percentage by numbers. The writer shows the frequency of grammatical errors and the percentage of grammatical errors.

Grammatical Errors Found in the $UWLFOHV· Abstracts of the Journals
There are 16 journals taken as the sample. The writer takes two articles in each journal. So, there are 32 articles which have been analyzed. The first step, she identifies the grammatical errors. Then they are classified into the category of errors. Next, the writer counts the errors to get the frequency of errors. Finally the writer counts the frequency of errors by using the chosen formula to get the percentage of them (see table 2). From table 2, we can see that the greatest error is error of omission. It is for about 72 errors. Then the second error is error of misformation for about 57 errors. Error of addition is in the third stages. It is for about 27 errors. And the last is error of misordering for about 16 errors. So, the total of grammatical errors is 172 errors. Some sentences have one or more than one error. From the table above, the writer will make the percentage of grammatical errors that happen in the DUWLFOHV· abstracts of the journals. To get the percentage of grammatical errors the writer uses the following formula: P = n1 x 100% ™1 P = percentage of each error n1 = total of a given error ™1 WRWDO RI WKH ZKROH HUURUV From the table above, the writer concludes that the first grade of the grammatical errors is error of omission. The percentage of it is 41.9%. The second is error of misformation which is 33.1%. Error of addition is on the third grade. Its percentage is 15.7 %. And the last grade is error of misordering which is 9.3%.

Errors of Omission
Error of omission becomes the greatest errors found in the DUWLFOHV· abstracts of the journals. The writer found 72 errors of omission. The percentage of it is 41.9%. The writer gives italic and bold for the errors.
Here are some of the examples: 1. Unfortunately, some moslem do not realize about that. 2. 1LHW]VFKH A«AFRQVFLRXV that to be a superman, suffering is totally needed. 3. An example: falsification will step down a big theory which is established by other theorist 4. ,VODP VRFLHW\ A«A IRUPHG from three elements, first is family, second is theology and third is environment. 5. For these reason, it is needed to have discussion about Islamic Bound Law. 6. Islamic education , according to Muhammad Qutb, is educating human beings thoroughly which includes thought and heart, physical and psychological, behavior and skills, all their personal 7. One of the background of JIL is a worry about developing fundamentalism and militantism in religion. 8. The result of this study indicate that the sharing system implemented by the BPRS is divided into the system of profit sharing and the system of revenue sharing either for the depositor A«A the financing customer. 9. We hope to solve the negative aspect of the problem in orderA«A we can create a good life in the world. 10. Cooperative learning is one of the strategy that offers many interactions besides that, spirit of mutualism in cooperative learning brings good atmosphere in the classroom today.
In sentence (a.1) there is omission of ²V IRU WKH ZRUG ´PRVOHPµ It PXVW EH ´PRVOHPVµ EHFDXVH WKH TXDQWLILHU ´VRPHµ must be followed by plural count noun. Sentence (a.2) is a nominal sentence. The form of it is Subject + to be (is/am/are/was/were/been) + adjective/adverb/noun. Sentence (a.2) omits to be (is) because the subject is third singular person/ the name of the person (one person). Sentence (a.3) has different IRUP ,W LV DERXW WKH XVLQJ RI ´RWKHUµ )RUPV RI RWKHU DUH XVHG DV HLWKHU adjective or pronouns (Azar, 1989:232). Other as an adjective must be followed by plural noun. Hence, the correctness is other theorists.  (Hewings, 1999:97). The last sentence (a.10) is about the omission of ²HV LQ WKH ZRUG VWUDWHJ\ ,W PXVW EH ´VWUDWHJLHVµ EHFDXVH WKHUH LV TXDQWLILHU ´RQH RI WKHµ ZKLFK PXVW EH IROORZHG E\ SOXUDO QRXQ The following is the suggested sentences of the errors: 1. Unfortunately, some moslems do not realize about that. 2. Nietzsche is consciousthat to be a superman, suffering is totally needed. 3. Islam society is formed from three elements, first is family, second is theology and third is environment.
4. An example: falsification will step down a big theory which is established by other theorists. 5. For these reasons, it is needed to have discussion about Islamic Bound Law. 6. Islamic education, according to Muhammad Qutb, is educating human beings thoroughly which includes thought and heart, physical and psychological, behavior and skills, all their personalities 7. One of the backgrounds of JIL is a worry about developing fundamentalism and militantism in religion. 8. The result of this study indicates that the sharing system implemented by the BPRS is divided into the system of profit sharing and the system of revenue sharing either for the depositor or the financing customer. 9. We hope to solve the negative aspect of the problem in order that we can create a good life in the world. 10. Cooperative learning is one of the strategies that offers many interactions besides that, spirit of mutualism in cooperative learning brings good atmosphere in the classroom today. From the sentences above, the writer analyzes that the errors occur in the using of quantifier for the noun, the agreement of subject and verb LQ SUHVHQW WHQVH WKH XVLQJ RI ´WR EHµ LQ D QRPLQDO VHQWHQFH DQG SDVVLYH VHQWHQFH the using of subordinate conjunction.

Errors of misformation
Error of misformation becomes the second grade of errors found in the DUWLFOHV· abstracts of the journals. The writer found 57 errors of misformation. The percentage of it is 33.1%. The writer gives the words italic and bold for misformation and gives underline for other errors. The writer only gives the explanation about error of misformation. Here are some of the examples: 1. This research is not purposed to accept all thing thought by Nietzsche, but for persuade everyone to be critically analyze problems related to human philosophy.

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the revelation and then becomesthe logicalcoherent. 3. There issome reason as its background; they are sociological, juridical, and practical ones. 4. Because of a lot of differences in clustering between the Islamic law and the western law had caused the discussion of Islamic bound Law still cannot be found yet. 5. An long history have come into Indonesian moslem with some character reliable. 6. But both of them is struggling now to be winner, LVQ·W LW? 7. The result of this research is that the using of internet as media of teaching in State College for Islamic Studies has been rising as well as the lecturers and students are aware of the function of technology for education. 8. The movement of JIL thought gets many attentions from many people 9. Without any exception is intellectual identity that develops into one orientation chosen by the writers in order to develop their capability as intellectuals on the one hand, and to fulfill the demands of developing institutions on the other. Sentence (b.1) is about the use of gerund after preposition. The ZRUGV ´IRU SHUVXDGHµ PXVW EH ´IRU SHUVXDGLQJµ 7KH ZRUG ´IRUµ LV D preposition, it needs object of preposition which is noun or gerund. The QRXQ SKUDVH QHHGV DQ DGMHFWLYH ,Q VHQWHQFH E ´FRKHUHQWµ LV DQ adMHFWLYH 7KH FRUUHFW IRUP LV ´FRKHUHQFHµ EHFDXVH LW PXVW EH D QRXQ RI the phrase. In sentence (b.3) is about the using of expletive there. In sentence with expletive there, the verb agrees with the actual subject that follows it (Frank, 1972:38). If the subject consists of two or more parts, the verb is plural as like there are some books on the  (Noun, NP, or Gerund). In this VHQWHQFH WKH ZRUGV EHFDXVH RI PXVW EH FKDQJHG LQWR ´EHFDXVHµ EHFDXVH it followed by Subject + Verb. Sentence (b.5) has two errors. The first error is about the using article a for an occurs in sentence (b.5).The form a LV XVHG EHIRUH D ZRUG EHJLQQLQJ ZLWK D FRQVRQDQW VRXQG ZKHUHDV ´DQµ for word beginning with a vowel sound (Thomson, 1986:15). Therefore, WKH SKUDVH PXVW EH ´a long historyµ 7KH VHFRQG HUURU LV DERXW WKH VXEMHFW verb agreement. Singular subject is followed by singular verb and plural subject is followed by plural verb too. Sentence (b.6) is about the use of question tag related to the subject verb agreement of a sentence. The VXEMHFW ´ERWK RI WKHPµ QHHGV WKH SOXUDO YHUE +HUH WKH VHQWHQFH LV SUHVent FRQWLQXRXV WHQVH VR WKH YHUE IRU WKH SOXUDO VXEMHFW LV ´DUHµ $ WDJ UHODWHV to the subject and auxiliary of the main clause. The structure of a negative tag is auxiliary + n't + pronoun (Eastwood, 1994:38 1. This research is not purposed to accept all things thought by Nietzsche, but for persuading everyone to be critically analyze problems related to human philosophy. 2. ,Q UHOLJLRQ GLVFRXUVHV WKH PDWWHUV RI ´*RGµ are expressed through the revelation and then becomethe logical coherence. 3. There aresome reasons as its background; they are sociological, juridical, and practical ones. 4. Because a lot of differences in clustering between the Islamic law and the western law had caused the discussion of Islamic bound Law still cannot be found yet. 5. A long history has come into Indonesian moslems with some reliable characters.
6. But both of them are struggling now to be winner, DUHQ·W WKH\? 7. The result of this research is that the using of internet as media of teaching in State College for Islamic Studies has been raising as well as the lecturers and students are aware of the function of technology for education. 8. The movement of JIL thought gets much attention from many people 9. Without any exception is intellectual identity that develops into one orientation chosen by the writers in order to develop their capability as intellectuals on the one hand, and to fulfill the demands of developing institutions on the others. From the errors above, the writer concludes that the errors occur in the use of gerund, the use of adjective and noun in forming a noun phrase, the use of indefinite article, question tag, the problem verbs, the use of much and PDQ\ DQG WKH XVH RI RWKHU·V form.

Error of Addition
The third rank of error is error of addition. It occurs for about 27 errors. The percentage is 15.7%. The writer gives the words italic and bold for the error of addition. The examples of it are: 1. Islam places human being as the best creature than the others creatures, because the human has mind and sense that completed with religion. 2. He categorizes interestingly and he can limits this topic. 3. He could synthesized all of them. 4. The subject of this study was students of junior high school students. 5. Caliphate is not as the same as ´WKHRNUDVLµ LQ :HVWHUQ WHUP DV alleged by orientalists since both have their different characteristics. 6. The fact that the teachers are very smart, but if VWXGHQW·V interested in learning Arabic language is low, it can conclude that they will be difficult in succeeding learning language.
The error of using the other occurs in sentence (c.1). There is an addition ²s in the word other. The other is functioned as adjective and pronoun. The adjective form is the otKHU 1RXQ 7KH IRUP LV ´WKH RWKHUVµ WKHUH LV DQ DGGLWLRQ ²s in its words. Sentence (c.2) adds ²s for the word limit. It is not needed because before the word limit there is a PRGDO ´FDQµ $ PRGDO LV IROORZHG E\ EDUH LQILQLWLYH YHUE 6HQWHQFH (c.3) is DERXW WKH HUURU LQ XVLQJ D PRGDO WRR 0RGDO ´FRXOGµ PXVW EH followed by verb 1 but this sentence adds suffix ²ed for the verb. Next for VHQWHQFH D WKH HUURU LV DERXW WKH UHGXQGDQF\ RI WKH ZRUG ´VWXGHQWµ LQ a NP (students of junior high school student). In sentence (a.5) there is an DGGLWLRQ WKH ZRUG ´DVµ &RPSDULQJ VRPHWKLQJ ZLWK WKH SKUDVH ´WKH VDPH DVµ LV HQRXJK ZLWKRXW JLYLQJ DV LQ IURQW RI ´WKH VDPH DVµ In sentence (a.6), there is an addition of ²ed LQ WKH ZRUG ´LQWHUHVWHGµ LQWHUHVWHG LV DQ adjective and this sentence needs a noun to form a noun phrase. The following is the suggested sentences of these errors: 1. Islam places human being as the best creature than the other creatures, because the human has mind and sense that completed with religion. 2. He categorizes interestingly and he can limit this topic. 3. He could synthesize all of them. 4. The subject of this study was students of junior high school. 5. Caliphate is not the same as ´WKHRNUDVLµ LQ :HVWHUQ term as alleged by orientalists since both have their different characteristics. 6. The fact that the teachers are very smart, but if VWXGHQW·V LQWHUHVW in learning Arabic language is low, it can conclude that they will be difficult in succeeding learning language. From the sentences above, the writer concludes that the errors happen in the use of the other, the use of a modal, and the use of the same as, and the use of noun.

Error of Misordering
These errors are characterized by incorrect placement of a morpheme in an utterance. These errors are for about 16 errors found in the DUWLFOHV· abstracts of the journals. The percentage of the errors is 9.3%. The writer gives the words italic and bold for the error of misordering and underline for other errors. The examples of these errors are: 1. Not merely state fail to assure to capitalism that exist in human being civilization, more than that state is oppositely, also trusted in hegemonic of capitalism. 2. Gross National Product (GNP) is believed to indicate growth national and regional product. 3. So, marketer can produce product and service like withneed customer. there is also another errors (error of addition), the using of the word ´ZLWKµ The following is the suggested sentences of these errors: 1. Not merely fails state to assure to capitalism that exist in human being civilization, more than that state is oppositely, also trusted in hegemonic of capitalism. 2. Gross National Product (GNP) is believed to indicate national growth and regional product. 3. So, marketer can produce product and service like with FXVWRPHU·V QHHG From these errors, the writer concludes that the errors occur in and the incorrect inversion of subject and verb in negative statement incorrect placement of parts of speech in forming NP.

DISCUSSION
In this point, the writer discusses about the grammatical errors found in the DUWLFOHV· abstracts of the journals. Here, the grammatical errors are categorized into four categories, they are misformation, omission, misordering and addition.
The first rank of grammatical error is error of omission. It is for about 72 errors and the percentage of it is 41,9%. There are many kinds of omissions such as omission of ²s for the plural noun, omission of s/es on verbs showing present tense, omission of verb auxiliaries, omission of article. The greatest omission is omission of ²s for the plural noun. The ZULWHU WDNHV DQ H[DPSOH ´One of the background of JIL is a worry about GHYHORSLQJ IXQGDPHQWDOLVP DQG PLOLWDQWLVP LQ UHOLJLRQ µ The second rank of grammatical error is error of misformation. There are 57 errors of omission. The percentage error of misformation is 33.1%. According to Dulay et al. (1982:158), there are three kinds of misformation, they are regularization errors, archi-form, alternating form. The writer found archi-form and alternating form (chapter 2) when she analyzed the DUWLFOHV· abstracts of the journals. She did not find regularization error for misformation category. Some examples of archi form are: 1. Hence, the gallant appearance from a state do not more only drama plunging into social imagination of nation. 2. But both of them is struggling now to be winner, LVQ·W LW?
Then some examples of alternating forms are: 1. This study was aimed to see the difference formationof ego identity of adolescent between those who have been threaten in authoritative style and dominated style. 2. Without any exception is intellectual identity that develops into one orientation chosen by the writers in order to develop their capability as intellectuals on the one hand, and to fulfill the demands of developing institutions on the other.
The third error is error of addition. The total number of the errors is 27 or 15.7%. the kind of addition which appears is simple addition. There is no double marking and regularization. The simple addition consists of third person singular ²s , addition of ²s/es in verb showing present tense, addition of preposition and article, addition of ²ed in modal form.
The last rank of error is error of misordering. The total number of errors is 16 errors or 9.3%. misordering is the misplacement of a morpheme in an utterance. Many of these errors happen in forming of QRXQ SKUDVH VXFK DV ´Gross National Product (GNP) is believed to indicate growth national and regional product µ 7KH FRUUHFW RQH LV national growth. There is also misordering subject and verb.
The writer tries to discuss the grammatical errors found in the DUWLFOHV· abstracts of the journals with some studies which analyze the grammatical errors too. She takes the studies which analyze the grammatical errors based on surface taxonomy theory. Based on this theory the errors classified into four parts, they are omission, addition, misformation, and misordering.
As the statement above the writer found that the first rank of the grammatical errors occurred in errors of omission (41,9%), the second error is error of misformation (33.1%), the third error is addition (15.7%) and the last is misordering (9.3%). The writer will compare her study with other studies which have been accomplished.
Based on some previous study results, mostly the error of omission becomes the first rank of error analysis. The same as this study, the writer also found that the error of omission became the greatest error. In this study the writer assumes that all these errors are caused by intralingual error and context of learning and interligual errors.

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Based on the findings, the DUWLFOHV· abstracts of the journals consist of 159 grammatical errors. The first rank is error of omission. It is 72 errors which the writer found. The percentage of it is 41.9%. The second error is error of misformation for about 57 errors. The percentage of it is 33.1%. The third rank is error of addition for about 27 errors. Its percentage is 15.7%. The last rank of error is error of misordering. The errors are 16 errors. Its percentage is 9.3%.
Based on the findings, analysis, interpretations, and conclusions presented earlier, some suggestions can be recommended to the writers of the journal, the publisher and for the next researcher. For the writers of the journal, they should write more accurately. They have to know about the grammatical stucture of the target language (English) because the grammar is different from their native language. They can consult to someone who is expert on grammar to recheck their grammar in writing an abstract. For the readers, they should be careful in understanding the text. The grammatical errors may disorder the original meaning and messages. For the publishers, they have to reread the DUWLFOHV· abstracts of the journals when they will be published. The publisher should make the abstracts better especially on grammar by giving confirmationto the MRXUQDO·V writers, so there will be no misunderstanding in the meaning of words. Lastly, for the next researchers who want to investigate the same field as this study can fill the gap and the weakness of this study especially on grammar.