Cooperative Principle and Its Maxims of Comments in Text Your Say of the Jakarta Post

This study aims to find what maxims and how the maxims are observed or infringed in text your sayof The Jakarta Post based on the cooperative principle and maxims. The research design of this study is descriptive qualitative. The resercher himself is the main instrument. He uses typological analysis (based on categories). In addition, investigator triangulation is usedtovalidate the analysis. The research results show that all maxims are observed and infringed. In this case, the most comments (42 comments from 53) gathered in „text your say' of The Jakarta Post do not match the cooperative principle and they also infringe and observe one or some of the maxims.


INTRODUCTION
Mass media are means of public communication (Walter, 2008). These mass media consist of the printed mass media and the electronic mass media. Those become inseparable parts RI VRFLHW\·V OLIH 2QH RI WKH most preferred mass media for communication is newspaper. This is because it reaches more audience and it contains all kinds of information related to various topics like socialism, politics, current affairs, etc. Therefore, the newspaper is an effective medium in general for communicating, disseminating information and sharing views, ideas and opinions among the society.
Newspaper is an essential medium for mass communication to reach every stratum of society which possibly the electronic media can be unsuccessful. Therefore, it becomes a pivotal role to spread authentic react to each other either to ask a question or to inform ideas in a dialogue.
Dialogue (Yesufu, 2008) is a conversation between two or more people. In dialogue, people engage in a conversation or in a communication. They share ideas, opinions, and assumptions for the purpose of acquiring a higher level of understanding. The aim is to surface and fully explore all relevant information, which is clarified and fully understood by others.
In this research, the writer analyzes a dialogue, one of the FRPPXQLFDWLRQ LQWHUDFWLRQ W\SHV DV H[SODLQHG DERYH ,Q ¶text your say· RI The Jakarta Post, there is a dialogue consisting of two participants, The Jakarta Post and the comment-imparting persons, talking about hot and recent issues. And the dialogue will be analyzed using the cooperative principle and its maxims.
Cooperative principle is a set of rules created to help communicate well in the talk exchange as Grice (1991) stated that each participant recognizes cooperative efforts, a common purpose or set of purposes, or at least a mutually accepted direction. The cooperative principle explains how the effective communication is acquired in common social situation. Grice has a belief upon conversing, the speaker and the listenershare cooperative efforts so conversing in a dialogue can run well either in spoken or in written media.Grice(in Renkema, 1993) stated that the cooperative principle makes your conversational contribution such as is required, at the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of the speech exchange in which you are engaged.Then, Grice divides the cooperative principle into four categories or maxims (quality, quantity, manner and relevance).
The first category of maxims is quantity. 7KH *ULFH·V PD[LP RI quantity expects your contribution to be neither more nor less than is requested. Grice (in Renkema, 1993) formulated this maxim of quantity as follows: 1) Make your contribution as informative as is required (for the current purposes of the exchange), 2) Do not make your contribution PRUH LQIRUPDWLYH WKDQ LV UHTXLUHG 7KH *ULFH·V PD[LP RI TXDQWLW\ VD\V that if you are assisting me to mend a car, I expect your contribution to be neither more nor less than is requested (Grice, 1991). Then Grice LPSDUWV DQ H[DPSOH´If, at a particular stage I need four screws, I expect you to hand me four, rather than two or sixµ (Grice, 1991). Here is the *ULFH·V PD[LP RI TXDQWLW\ that can be infringed through providing utterances of patent tautologies like Women are women and war is war (Grice, 1991). It is included as infringing because such remarks are totally non-informative.
The second category is maxim of quality. 7KH *ULFH·V PD[LP RI quality expects your contribution to be genuine and not spurious. He formulated the maxim of quality as follows: 1) Do not say what you believe to be false, 2) Do not say that for which you lack adequate HYLGHQFH 7KH *ULFH·V PD [LP RI TXDOLW\ (Grice, 1991) says that I expect your contributionto be genuine and not spurious. Then Grice imparts an H[DPSOH ´If I need sugar as an ingredient in the cake you are assisting me to make, I do not expect you to hand me salt; if I need a spoon, I do not expect a trick spoon made of rubberµ (Grice, 1991).
Here is WKH *ULFH·V PD[LP RI TXDOLW\ that can be infringed through imparting information using some figures of speech (Grice, 1991). Irony is a means of expression which suggests different, usually humorous or angry meaning for the words used (Mayor, 2009). For instance, he is so kind but actually he is not kind.Metaphor is an expression which describes a person or object in a literary way by referring to something that is considered to have similar characteristics to the person or object you are trying to describe (Hornby, 2010). For example, she is the sugar in my tea. Hyperbole is the use of exaggerated terms not in order to deceive but to emphasize the importance or extent of something (Drabble, 1985). For example, every handsome boy loves a shopkeeper. Grundy (2000) said WKDW WKH *ULFH·V PD[LP RI TXDOLW\ FDQ EH violated or infringed through understatement and rhetorical question.Understatement is a statement that describes something in a way that makes it seem less important, serious, bad, etc. than it really is (Hornby, 2010). For example,is it that too much to expect in Indonesia.Rhetorical question is a piece of speech or writing intended to influence people, but not completely honest or sincere (Horby, 2010). Actually it is intended to produce an effect rather than to get answer. For instance, What made him stay so long all the time?The above figures of speech are considered as infringing the maxim of quality because it is contrary to the fact as stated by Grice to utter the truth.
7KH WKLUG FDWHJRU\ LV WKH PD[LP RI UHOHYDQFH 7KH *ULFH·V PD[LP RI UHOHYDQFH H[SHFWV D SDUWQHU·V contribution to be appropriate to the LPPHGLDWH QHHGV DW VWDJH RI WKH WUDQVDFWLRQ 7KH *ULFH·V PD[LP RI UHOHYDQFH VD\VWKDW , H[SHFW D SDUWQHU·V FRQWULEXWLRQ WR EH DSSURSULDWH WR the immediate needs at stage of the transaction. Then Grice imparts an examplH ´Lf I am mixing ingredients for a cake, I do not expect to be handed a good book or even an oven cloth (though this might be an appropriate contribution at a later stage)µ (Grice, 1991).
The fourth category is maxim of manner. 7KH *ULFH·V PD[LP RI manner expects partner to make it clear what contribution he is making and to execute his performance with reasonable dispatch. Grice (in Renkema, 1993) formulated this maxim as follows: 1) Avoid obscurity of expression, 2) Avoid ambiguity, 3) Be brief (avoid unnecessary prolixity), %H RUGHUO\ 7KH *ULFH·V PD[LP RI PDQQHUVD\V WKDW , H[SHFW SDUWQHU WR make it clear what contribution he is making and to execute his performance with reasonable dispatch.
In this research, the researcher uses the cooperative principle and its maxims to analyse comments in ¶text your sa\· of The Jakarta Post that UHTXHVWV UHDGHUV· FRPPHQWV relating to hot and recent issues that happen among the society. From the above phenomenon, the researcher intended to investigate written comments in ¶text your say· of the Jakarta Post in relation to what maxims and how the maxims are observed and infringedbased on the cooperative principle and its maxims.

RESEARCH METHOD
The researcher uses qualitative research because this study is related to analyze words. Best (1981) nstated hat qualitative studies are those in which the description of observation is not ordinarily expressed in quantitative terms and it is not suggested that numerical measures are never used, but the other means of description are emphasized. The VWXG\ LV IRFXVHG RQ DQDO\]LQJ ´&RPPHQWVµ in text your say of the Jakarta Post. It tries to analyze the written utterances, comments of thedialogues (asking and bestowing comments) based onthe cooperative principle and its maxims (quality, quantity, manner, and relevance).
The researcher becomes a planner, a datum collector, an analyzer, an interpreter and finally the researcher becomes a reporter of his research findings. The main instrument of the study is the researcher himself to collect, analyse, interprete and report the data.
The data of this study are written-comments, a sentence and a paragraph. The focus of this study is concerning about the analysis of what maxims and how the maxims in the Text Your Say of the Jakarta Post are observed and infringed.
The researcher usesa typological analysis. The typological analysis LV ´GLYLGLQJ HYHU\WKLQJ REVHUYHG LQWR JURXSV RU FDWHJRULHV RQ WKH EDVLV RI some canon for disaggrHJDWLQJ WKH ZKROH SKHQRPHQRQ XQGHU WKH VWXG\µ (Le Comte& Preisle , 1993). In analysising the data, the researcher divided the overall comment data set into categories (maxims) or groups based on the predetermined typologies. To check the validity of analysis, the researcher uses investigator triangulation as technique used to enhance the level of confidence in the findings that the researcher gets. The researcherasked the suggestion from the two advisors, the first and the second advisors, of this research because this research needs more than one persons to check the result of the conducted research.

FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
There are some issues taken from December 3, 2012 to December 15, 2012 because at that timesome hot issues succeed in attracting public attention. During a two-week edition, there are seven issues available, namely, WKUHH SROLFH RIILFHUV NLOOHG LQ 3DSXD 81 UHFRJQL]HV 3DOHVWLQH·V VWDWHKRRG WKH 0XQLU·V PXUGHU WKH RYHUZHLJKW SROLFH $QGL·V GHSDUWXUH -DNDUWD tops on survey and FIFA sanctionand the number of data gathered during a two-week edition is 53 comments. The following is several examples of data analysis and discussion.  8.5.1, 9.5.1, 9.5.2, 9.5.4, 10.5.1, 11.6.1, 11.6.3, 11.5.4, and 12.7.4) which observe the maxims from 53 comments available within 12 days. Therefore, the data show that most comments in ¶WH[W \RXU VD\·are inappropriate to the cooperative principle and its maxims because the comment-imparting persons observe one or some maxims of cooperative principle and infringe one or some maxims of cooperative principle.